Literature entry week 7: Victorianism: What an age!
This week brought a shift in focus, looking at Victorianism from romanticism. Victorianism is interesting from the point of view of literary history. It is understood here that romanticism looked at a state of mind and evaluation of reason drawing from philosophy the artistic term looked at truly inspirational literature. Victorianism refers however to a the time of a particular English power, the period comprised of literature during the time of such English power and as such ideas and issues addressed reflect themes common of the time. Also characteristic of the two is the understanding that the romantic period brought much poetry work, saying things that people really wanted to hear, the Victorian age however taking a different spin comprised mainly of prose writings which held the intellectual energy of the time.
“We have finished the romance of the revolution we must now begin its history only seeking what is real and practical in the applications of its principals and not what is speculative and hypothetical”. [Napoleon: end of the battle of Waterloo 1815].
The Victorian period spanning from the day of Queen Victoria’s first day on the throne in 1827, till her death in 1901. The period brought with it certain optimism-
“We all feel a tip toe with open confidence, we are at the threshold of a great time, even if our time is not great itself, in science, in religion, in social organisation we all know what great things are in the air, it is not the age of money bags and Kant, not full of soot and hubbub and ugliness, it is the age of great expectations and unwearied striving after better things”. [Harrison and Reed].


^Image on the left of Queen Victoria taken from http://nineteenteen.blogspot.com/2007/09/queen-victoriateen-idol_25.html
^ Image on the right taken from http://www.general-anaesthesia.com/images/queen-victoria.html
Dickens addresses such blind optimism in his due fully titled book ‘great expectations’, Dickens as a realist, not an optimist attacks the nature of society’s function, the education system and in fact every facet of society. Thus bringing forward ideas of today’s society, offering the sense that this blind optimism is perhaps naive and inappropriate.


^ Image on the left taken from http://rotterdamsleesgenootschap.wordpress.com/2008/03/08/wat-we-nu-lezen-3/
^ Image on the right taken from http://francisanderson.wordpress.com/2008/12/
At the time Europe was caught up in this idea of the power of science and technology, and the sense that human ingenuity would conquer time, space and God, thus resembling the mood of the Victorian age. The age also brought with it similar to this; the idea of industrialism, great pride was taken in this age of proud materialism evident though Michael’s image of Queen Victoria’s railway carriage as well as the Eifel tower [constructed during this time] and the Queen Victoria building bringing the Victorian age, closer to home in Sydney. Before looking at the conclusion of the Victorian age I would like to first look at some of the influential persons of the age.
THOMAS CARYLE a friend of Dickens was an eccentric historian and philosopher, inspiring Dickens greatly, his piece ‘Hard times’ is in fact inscribed to Carlyle. His quotation “Man had grown mechanical in head and heart as well as in hand... cash payments have become the sole nexus of man to man” represents his opinions of the time and was loved instantly by Dickens as he transforms this idea into his character Boundaby.
^ Image taken from http://www.misfrases.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2007/07/thomas_carlyle.jpg
WILLIAM COBBIT (1763-1835) a social thinker leading up to Dickens, made many observations of England formulating ideas of influential people of the time. He described the fact that farmers were almost extinguished and looked at farmhouses which sank into ruins. Effectively portraying this unnatural circumstance Cobbit compared pre-industrial times to that of the age looking at factories and associated occurrences as well as the elimination of the corner shop.
“In every part of the kingdom the race of small farmers has been almost entirely extinguished, from one end of England to the other the houses which contained farmers and their happy families are now sinking into ruin... did feudal times ever see any of them so debased so absolutely slaves as the poor creatures who in the ‘enlightened’ north are compelled to work 14hrs a day in the heat of 84 degrees and who are liable to punishment for looking out at a window of the factory” William Cobbit ‘Rural rides’ 1830.
Another idea I find rather interesting is HARRISON and READE’s look at the age. Displaying the great optimism it is explained that-
“The god of light, the spirit of knowledge, the divine intellect is gradually spreading over the planet and upward to the skies, Satan will be overcome; virtue will descend from the heaven surrounded by her angels, and reign over the hearts of men, Earth which is now a purgatory will be made a paradise and hunger and salvation will be made unknown , and the best, part of human life will no longer be wasted in the tedious process of cultivating the fields. Disease will be extirpated; the cause of decay will be removed; immortality will be invented then; the earth being small, mankind will migrate into space, and will cross the airless Sahara’s which separate planet from planet, and sun from sun. The earth will become a holy place/land which will be visited by pilgrims from all the quarters of the universe, finally men will master the forces of nature; they will become themselves architects of systems, manufacturers of worlds. Man will then be perfect, he will then be a creator, he will therefore be what the vulgar worship as God”.
After examining the ideas of influential people during the Victorian age, this look gives us a great description of the great optimism of the time, the same optimism considered ‘blind’ which Carlyle and Dickens critiqued. World war two brought an evaluation of the ideals of the period, the war expressed human beings as barbaric, and offered the sense that maybe there was no initial cause for the optimism, outlining by extension the ideals of these critiques. Never the less the work of the Victorian writers is amazing both from a historical and literary stand point.
As such I would like to draw attention to the work of Matthew Arnold; of particular attention throughout this week’s reading (Norton anthology p.1361). Christ and Robson outline that Arnold’s work was based on the story of a 17th century student, who joined a group of gypsies thus leaving his position at Oxford University. The piece had tremendously inspired Arnold and as such he ‘wistfully imagines that the spirit of this scholar is still to be encountered in the Cumner countryside near oxford’ (Norton volume E p.1361). The piece goes further to explain that the original source of inspiration came from Joseph Glanville’s ‘Vanity of dogmatising’ (1661). The passage included below spoke to Arnold’s soul:
“There was very lately a lad in the University of Oxford, who was by his poverty forced to leave his studies there; and at last join himself to a company of vagabond gypsies. Among these extravagant people, by the instituting subtlety of his carriage, he quickly got so much of their love and esteem as that they discovered to him their mystery. After he had been a pretty while exercised in the trade, there chanced to ride by a couple of scholars, who had formerly been of his acquaintance. They quickly spied out their old friend among the gypsies; and he gave them an account of the necessity which drove him to that kind of life, and told them that the people he went with were not such imposters as they were taken for, but they had a traditional kind of learning among them, and could do wonders by the power of imagination, their fancy binding that of others: that himself had learned much of their art, and when he had compassed the whole secret, he intended, he said to leave their company and give the world an account of what he had learned”. Norton: volume E p. 1362.
Arnold addresses the Sheppard with the task of finding traces of this scholar gypsy. This first stanza employs imperative instructions calling ‘come Sheppard, and again begin the quest’ (line 10). The next stanza continues descriptive illustrations ‘where the reaper was at work of late’ (line 11) , Here Arnold also brings in another level now outlining ‘here will I sit and wait’ (line 16). Arnold’s personal fixation on the subject is outlined, it’s also interesting to notice the importance placed on the idea of this scholar gypsy, through Arnold’s attempts to accurately portray the man as well as the Sheppard’s task of finding the student. This importance is also carried across in the third stanza as Arnold continues to explain ‘here till sundown, shepherd! Will I be’ (line 22). Arnold in his fourth stanza moves on to give a commentary on the story of the scholar Gypsy thus outlining the scholar gypsy ‘forsook his friends, and went to learn the gypsies lore, and roamed the world with that wild brother hood’ (lines36-38). Years after this the scholar gypsy meets up with fellow scholars of times before and they decide that ‘the lost scholar long was seen to stray’ (line53). With this Arnold brings the piece back to our area of interest, it is understood that the Victorian period was a time of hard facts and correctness. The behaviour of the scholar gypsy and of course the group of gypsies he was associated with, was not accepted, Arnold is thought to explore these ideas and speak out against such. Personally it is thought that Arnold respects such an existence, this rejection of competitive society and questioning of values of the time. He moves on to comment ‘but what I dream!’ (line131), which I believe brings about wishful desire to hold such thought close at heart, to hold on to the values of the scholar gypsy. The second half of the piece sees Arnold bring in a quite refreshing look on life and immortality, Arnold here looks at death and the fact that ‘two hundred years are flown since first thy story ran through Oxford halls’ (line131). The scholar gypsy however lives on through Arnold’s work; the story is carried on and respected for the value it presents. ‘Thou hast not felt the lapse of hours’ (line 141) Arnold claims as he questions ‘for what wears out the life of mortal men?’ (Line 142), it is the ‘change to change’ (line 143), the ‘repeated shocks’ (line 144). Arnold decides therefore that ‘thou hast not lived, why shouldest thou perish so’ (line 151), Lived here in the sense explained above. The Scholar gypsy unlike society had lived with ‘one aim, one business, one desire’ (line 152), thus marking his ability to move through time. Such a peaceful existence is understood to bring peace, with the absence of time constraints of modern society. The scholar gypsy in conclusion is understood to have lived a life ‘unlike to ours’ (line166), I believe this life was appreciated by Arnold. It is a life in disagreement of the Victorian life, rejecting the pressures of society and the values and unjust expectations of society presented to us through the old scholars and their judgements. I believe great importance is placed on the gypsy’s ideas, and through Arnold’s addressing of such, the story and life of the scholar gypsy transcends time with an immortal energy.

I thought it was interesting upon studying the Victorian period to notice that there were criticisms to the time, the work of Dickens and Carlyle, alongside Arnold’s expression of the Scholar gypsy all for me posed such criticisms. I believe also by extension Lewis Carroll’s 1871 ‘The Jumblies’ represents ideas of this same sort. I love this poem, resembling the nonsense of the Victorian age, the piece identifies the story of the Jumblies and their trip to sea in a sieve, ‘they went to sea in a sieve, they did; in a sieve they went to sea’ (line1-2). Carroll explains the concerns of society and their negative views on the idea, ‘You’ll be drowned’ (line 7), ‘Oh, wont they be soon upset’ (line21). These statements bring about the critical opinions of the time, the potentially uptight opinion loving facts and that which is socially accepted above anything else. Never minding social critiques the jumblies go to sea regardless. After ‘twenty years they all came back’ (line 55) and everyone said ‘How tall they’ve grown’ (line57). This is the first sign of appreciation of the Jumblies’ journey, society as a whole presented by ‘everyone’ is seen to rejoice in such a trip as Carroll claims ‘If we only live, we too will go to sea in a sieve’ (line 62-63). I love the way that the original criticism of society: the Jumblies trip to sea, is in the end appreciated greatly by the general population. With this I believe we have an exciting thought on the Victorian period.

^ Image taken from http://farm1.static.flickr.com/219/482057811_030154519e.jpg?v=0
Also brought to my attention this week was an artwork from the visual inserts in Norton’s anthology (p.C11). Ford Madox Brown’s 1852 piece ‘Work’ presents a ‘contemporary picture of Victorian society’. The piece outlines 4 significant characters, the excavators at the centre, Christ and Robson explain, present work in its essential and physical form. Juxtaposed with the ‘leisured gentry’ in the background who have no need to work. The ragged girl in the foreground presents another aspect still; as she watches over her orphaned siblings. Finally, Carlyle and F.D. Maurice ‘Brain workers’ (Christ and Robson, 2006) are included supervising the scene as their ‘social ideas influenced the painting’ (Christ and Robson, 2006). I love the way that Brown presents society at the time with historical references he comments on society with relevant examples. I believe also on a stylistic point he presents the warm atmosphere through his warm tones, as an artistic individual this stood out personally.

^ Image taken from http://www.artchive.com/artchive/B/brown/brown_work.jpg.html
On a more relaxed point, bringing this week’s work closer to home I would like to offer creative pieces inspired by that of the period. Firstly I would like to make my short social commentary on today’s society, similar to that done by William Cobbitt, before expressing optimism like that of Harrison and Reade’s before commenting with my general ideas of the Victorian period.
‘2001: A social commentary’ BY Kelly Scutts
Today’s society; a strange mix of life, uniqueness, and greatness? Social divisions evident through post code, bring differences on every level. For some money; a desire a complete wish, a hope, a reality too far gone for reaching. For others merely a property, bringing nothing new, nothing needed, the sheer leisure of life is witnessed. What brings these differences? Post code and situation alone? What brings this change in opportunities? Looking at the extension of such a subject area we look at work. Employment, in any regard. People work and work for what? Large homes, a new plasma screen, computers for all, the fastest, shiniest new automobile, machines from automatic toothbrushes to shoe polishing brushes, technology is revered in the highest sense. Yet at the end of all of this, nothing; individuals work full weeks and spend no time enjoying their large homes with automatic everything, so where is the logic in that. Gang’s of epic proportion see the regular fuelling of heaven and hell, marking new souls ready for this due course. Filling hospitals, employing doctors, this circular motion continues. Life and death flow normally, those are born, yet those too die, though today in our day and age, this too is held out. Increasing life expectancy’s see greater life for all, longer more true life, though is that really what is needed? Society of the age, do not see the, sky, hear only the busy hubbub of city life. What is a tree? What do they bring? Select individuals venture out into the natural, yet for the masses, this beauty remains untouched. Thus marking indeed a need for increased education. On the note of education, how doth the system pose? Students undergo major amounts of stress, concern and worry, is this needed? Why do the youth of the population need to worry about facts and figures and data of grave unneeded proportions, just soak in the sun., the underappreciated source of life. Great re-evaluation is here needed, why does every aspect of society involve blind misunderstanding?
‘Blind and upmost optimism’ By Kelly Scutts
‘The god of light, the spirit of knowledge, the divine intellect is gradually spreading over the planet and upward to the skies’, the age of technology is on the bosom of every new babe birthed, technology makes worldwide conversation of great ease, the presentation of news and current affairs witnessed in homes worldwide, with the flick of the switch. Medicine, brings greater life, cures for illness and disease, with the verge of cancer cure, ‘cause of decay will be removed; immortality will be invented’. Weapons of mass destruction spite our enemies and we will be like God, Undefeated and irreplaceable we will march the earth like heroes. Space explorations having had missions to mars and the moon, will see human settlements on each, these human populations; immortal, will be the state of the art, the true image of God. ‘Man will then be perfect, he will then be a creator, he will therefore be what the vulgar worship as God’.
I have enjoyed this week’s study on Victorianism, concluding I believe it was a time of great influence, strong opinions were voiced by all, and each had its own critiques, I particularly like the works of Matthew Arnold and Lewis Carroll, as well as the intellectual opinions and critiques of Dickens and Thomas Carlyle. It will be interesting to see what next week’s studies bring.
Bibliography:
Christ, Carol T and Robson, Catherine. ‘The Norton anthology of English literature (8th ed.): Volume E: The Victorian period’. W.W. Norton & Company, New York, 2006.
Griffith, Michael, ‘ENGL200 lecture- Victorianism’ Accessed from http://blackboard.acu.edu.au/webct/cobaltMainFrame.dowebct on the 20th Feb 2009.